死磕nginx 3.nginx+fastcgi
互联网服务器有个非常典型的架构lamp(linux+apache+mysql+php)，由于其开源和强大的兼容性而风靡一时，不过随着nginx的横空出世，lamp逐渐被lnmp替代，即Linux+nginx+mysql+php
fastcgi:fastcgi是语言无关的，可伸缩架构的CGI开放扩展，其主要的行为将CGI解释器进程保持在内存中并因此获得较高的性能，众所周知，CGI的反复加载时CGI性能低下的主要原因，如果CGI解释器保持在内存中并接受FastCGI进程金鼎管理调度，则可提供良好的性能、伸缩性、Fail-Over特性等。
1、FastCGI的工作原理
- FastCGI进程管理器自身初始化，启动多个CGI解释器进程（多个php-cgi进程）并等待来自webserver的请求，在本文中，采用PHP-FPM进程管理器启动多个php-cgi FastCGI进程，启动php-cgi FastCGI进程时，可以配置TCP和UNIX套接字两种方式启动
- 当客户端请求到达web服务器（nginx）时，web服务器将采用TCP协议或者UNIX套接字方式转到FastCGI主进程，FastCGI主进程选择并连接到一个CGI解释器（子进程），web服务器将CGI环境变量和标准输入发送到FastCGI子进程php-cgi
- FastCGI子进程完成处理后将标准输出和错误信息从同一连接返回到web服务器（nginx），当FastCGI子进程关闭连接时，请求便告知处理完成，。FastCGI子进程接着等待来自FastCGI管理器的下一个连接，而在一般普通的CGI模式中，php-cgi在此时便退出了。
所以你可以想象普通的CGI模式有多慢，每一个web请求PHP都必须重新解析php.ini、重新载入全部扩展并重新初始化全部数据结构。使用FastCGI，所有的这些都只在进程启动时发生一次，一个额外的好处是，持续数据库连接可以工作。
php FastCGI的优点
- PHP脚本运行速度更快，PHP解释程序被载入内存而不用每次都需要从存储器中读取，此举极大提升了依靠脚本运行站点的性能。
- 需要使用的系统资源更少，由于服务器不用每次都需要载入PHP解释程序，你可以将站点传输速度提升而不必增加CPU负担。
- 不需要对现有代码进行任何改变
部署lnmp环境示例
组件版本
linux：centos6.5
php:5.5
nginx:1.8
mysql:5.5.18
nginx的安装
可以参考nginx的第一篇文章
mysql的安装
1、依赖yum -y install cmake gcc-c++ make bison-devel ncurses-devel增加用户useradd mysql2、解压安装 安装包自行下载tar -zxf mysql-5.5.18.tar.gzcd mysql-5.5.18cmake \-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/home/nick/mysql \-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/home/nick/mysql/mysql.sock \-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \-DWITH_EXTRA_CHARSETS:STRING=utf8,gbk \-DWITH_MYISAM_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \-DWITH_READLINE=1 \-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/home/nick/mysql/datamake && make installcd /home/nick/mysql && mkdir etc tmp var log3、重命名系统自带的my.cnfmv /etc/my.cnf /etc/my.cnf.bak4、配置文件 复制到/home/nick/mysql/etc/my.cnf里面[client]port = 3306socket = /home/nick/mysql/mysql.sockdefault-character-set = utf8mb4[mysqld]port = 3306socket = /home/nick/mysql/mysql.sockbasedir = /home/nick/mysqldatadir = /home/nick/mysql/datapid-file = /home/nick/mysql/log/mysql.piduser = mysqlbind-address = 0.0.0.0server-id = 1init-connect = 'SET NAMES utf8mb4'character-set-server = utf8mb4#skip-name-resolve#skip-networkingback_log = 300max_connections = 100max_connect_errors = 6000open_files_limit = 65535table_open_cache = 128max_allowed_packet = 1Mbinlog_cache_size = 1Mmax_heap_table_size = 2Mtmp_table_size = 4Mread_buffer_size = 1Mread_rnd_buffer_size = 2Msort_buffer_size = 2Mjoin_buffer_size = 2Mkey_buffer_size = 1Mthread_cache_size = 8query_cache_type = 1query_cache_size = 2Mquery_cache_limit = 1Mft_min_word_len = 4log_bin = mysql-binbinlog_format = mixedexpire_logs_days = 30log_error = /home/nick/mysql/log/mysql-error.logslow_query_log = 1long_query_time = 1slow_query_log_file = /home/nick/mysql/log/mysql-slow.logperformance_schema = 0explicit_defaults_for_timestamp#lower_case_table_names = 1skip-external-lockingdefault_storage_engine = InnoDB#default-storage-engine = MyISAMinnodb_file_per_table = 1innodb_open_files = 500innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16Minnodb_write_io_threads = 4innodb_read_io_threads = 4innodb_thread_concurrency = 0innodb_purge_threads = 1innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2innodb_log_buffer_size = 1Minnodb_log_file_size = 8Minnodb_log_files_in_group = 3innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120bulk_insert_buffer_size = 8Mmyisam_sort_buffer_size = 8Mmyisam_max_sort_file_size = 1Gmyisam_repair_threads = 1interactive_timeout = 28800wait_timeout = 28800[mysqldump]quickmax_allowed_packet = 8M5、初始化数据库/home/nick/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db6、启动数据库home/qfpay/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe &7、supervisr的启动方式[program:mysql]command= /home/nick/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/home/nick/mysql/etc/my.cnfdirectory=/home/nick/mysqluser=nick
#### PHP的安装
下载程序 wget wget http://cn2.php.net/get/php-5.5.33.tar.gz 先装第三方源 yum install epel-release 安装依赖 yum install -y gd gd-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel libtool-ltdl libtool-ltdl-devel libxml2 libxml2-devel curl curl-devel t1lib t1lib-devel openssl openssl-devel 解压安装 /configure \ --disable-debug \ --prefix=/usr/local/php5.5 \ --enable-shmop \ --with-gd \ --with-jpeg-dir \ --with-png-dir \ --with-libxml-dir \ --with-t1lib \ --with-zlib \ --with-mcrypt \ --with-mysqli=mysqlnd \ --with-mysql=mysqlnd \ --with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd \ --enable-sockets \ --with-iconv \ --enable-mbstring \ --enable-mbregex \ --enable-ftp \ --enable-gd-native-ttf \ --with-curl \ --enable-fpm \ --enable-pcntl \ --enable-sysvmsg \ --enable-sysvsem \ --enable-sysvshm \ --enable-zip \ --with-freetype-dir \ --enable-exif \ --with-openssl \ --with-pear \ make && make install 拷贝php.ini: cp php.ini-development /usr/local/php/lib/php.ini #php-fpm 的简单配置 ;this configuration is for PHP 5.5 for heavy loaded servers[global]error_log = sysloglog_level = errorrlimit_files = 655360rlimit_core = 0[php-nick219]user = nobodygroup = nobody#使用tcplisten = 127.0.0.1:9000#使用sock#listen = fpm.sock#listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1#listen.mode = 666pm = dynamicpm.max_children = 1000pm.start_servers = 20 ;20pm.min_spare_servers = 10 ;10pm.max_spare_servers = 30 ;30pm.max_requests = 500; system max load (request number) = max_children * max_requests = 500,000pm.status_path = /fpm_statusping.path = /statusping.response = okslowlog = /data/phplogs/phpfpm_slow.logrequest_slowlog_timeout = 3slisten.backlog = 4096request_terminate_timeout = 5mrlimit_files = 655360rlimit_core = 0security.limit_extensions = .php .htmlphp_admin_value['date.timezone'] = 'Asia/Shanghai';include rigger ENV filesinclude=env.conf;add conf overrides from yaml
nginx配置
一个简单的配置，直接从server[...]开始server{ listen 80; server_name nick219.com; index index.html index.htm index.php; root /home/nick/www/nick219; location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$ { #fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock; fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; fastcgi_index index.php fastcgi_intercept_errors on; fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name; include fastcgi.conf } #下面可以配置日志，缓存或者其它位置 } nginx+fastcgi的配置结束